Colgate Segmentation Essay Example for Free

Colgate Segmentation Essay Concept of Working Capital Working capital refers to short-term funds, need to meet operating expenses. It refers to the funds; to finance its day-to-day operations. It is concerned with current assets and current liabilities. If a firm can’t maintain a satisfactory level of working capital, it may become insolvent or bankrupt. Broadly there are 2 concepts of working capital, such as: 1. Gross Working Capital (Quantitative Concept) 2. Net working Capital (Qualitative Concept) Both these concepts of working capital have operational significance. The two concepts are not mutually exclusive. The ‘gross concept’ emphasizing the ‘use’ and the ‘net concept’ emphasizes the ‘source’. 1. Gross Working Capital The total current assets are termed as the gross working capital. It is also known as quantitative or circulating capital. It refers to firm’s investment in short term assets such as cash, marketable securities, accounts receivables, prepaid expenses, inventories etc. Significance a. Optimum investment in current assets. -: Inadequate working capital leads to insolvency and excessive will lead to less profitability. Financing of current assets. -: If funds arise it should be invested in short term securities, don’t keep it idle. 2. Net Working Capital The excess of current assets over current liabilities represents net working capital. It may be positive or negative. Net working capital indicates the liquidity of the business. Significance a. Maintaining Liquidity Position-: Current assets help in meeting financial obligations. Generally for every one rupee of current asset there should be one rupee of current liability. b. Extent of long term capital n financing current assets-: If there are Rs 100000 current assets and Rs 75000 current liabilities then NWC is Rs 25000, and it supposed to be financed from long term funds. Efficient management of working capital involves control over the current assets and current liabilities, which are the main components of working capital. 1. Components of current assets: Currents assets are those, can be converted into cash within a year. It consists of cash, marketable securities, inventories, debtors, prepaid expenses. 2. Components of current Liabilities: Current liabilities are those to be paid in a year. It consists of creditors, short-term borrowings, taxes and proposed dividends.   To ensure optimum investment in current assets. †¢ To ensure adequate flow of funds for current operations. †¢ To speed up the flow of funds. †¢ Maintain liquidity and profitability. Maximize shareholders’ wealth possible only when there is sufficient return. †¢ Discharge day-to-day liabilities. †¢ Protect the business from adverse effects in emergencies. †¢ Determines the relevant levels of current assets and their efficient use. To sustain sales activity. Sales don’t convert into cash immediately. It needs time to collection of cash. For maximization profits or minimize working capital cost and maintain balance between liquidity and profitability, we need to maintain a balance in working capital. It should not be excessive or inadequate. Firm should manage adequate working capital to run its business †¢ Excessive working capital means idle funds which earns no profit. †¢ Inadequate working capital disturbs production and weakens the firm’s profitability. Danger of Excessive Working Capital †¢ It results in unnecessary accumulation of inventories, which lead to mishandling like waste, theft and losses. †¢ It is indication of defective credit policy and slack collection period. This leads to higher bad debts that reduce profits. †¢ It makes managerial inefficiency. †¢ Accumulation inventories tend to make speculative profits grow. This type of speculation makes the firm to follow liberal dividend policy and difficult to cope up with in future when the firm is unable to make speculative profits. Danger of Inadequate Working Capital: It declines growth because it’s difficult to undertake profitable projects for non-availability of working capital. †¢ Difficult to implement operating plans and achieve firm’s target. †¢ Difficult to meet day-to-day commitments. †¢ Inefficient utilization of fixed assets. †¢ The firm unable to avail attractive credit opportunities. †¢ Firm loses its reputation. The continuing flow from cash: to suppliers: to inventory: to accounts receivables and back into cash is operating cycle. 1. Operating cycle for manufacturing firm: ` Stock of raw material is held in order to ensure smooth production. Similarly stock of finished goods has to be carried out to meet the demand. 2. Operating Cycle of a Non-manufacturing Firm Non-manufacturing firms are wholesalers, retailers, service firms. They will have the direct conversion of cash into finished goods and into cash.

Media Violence and Aggression in Children Essay -- Argumentative Persu

Media Violence Causes Aggression in Children and Teenagers "The media, particularly the news media, defends itself from the charge of encouraging violence by stating they are simply reflecting what exists. Real people are murdered every day. Those who create fictionalized views of violence(movies or TV dramas) rely on the argument that what they are producing should not be taken literally. Only the mentally inadequate would assume the violence was real or try to copy the behavior"(Greek). Violence has been present since the beginning of the medium and in our history: political violence, ethnic violence, class violence. "You go back to the KKK, you have people committing incredible acts of violence on a grand scale. What is different is the reach of the media. You can now put anything on the screen; there's no longer a sense of things being off limits," Eric Foner, Columbia University's DeWitt Clinton Professor of History said(qtd. in Cole). This is very true, broadcasting of the Vietnam War was America's first glimpse at the brutal truth of war. It raised the acceptable threshold of violence on television; the infamous images prepared audiences for the fictional gore later depicted in such television shows as "NYPD Blue" and "ER"(Cole). What about society's responsibility? Violence in America has also been linked to economic changes. Economic hardships in the 1930s and the late 1970s resulted in the highest homicide level in this century. This relation persists today. Bob Dole and others believe it is simply the breakdown of family values, but it corresponds with deindustrialization. Rates of criminal violence have dropped significantly over the past 10 years, except among the young, the part of the population most ... ...terns we establish in our youth are the base for lifelong patterns evident in adulthood. And we must make the right decisions or at least make sure we make the right decisions for our children. Works Cited American Psychological Association. Violence on Television: What do Children Learn? What can Parents Do? Washington: Brochure, 1997. Carlson, Margaret. "The Real Money Train." Time. 11 Dec. 1995: 20-21. Cole, Lewis. "Violence and the Meida: The wrong controversy?" 21stC. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/21stC/issue-1.2/Media.htm. (15 Nov. 1997). Greek, Cecil. "Media and Reality." Crime and Media. http://www.fsu.edu/%7Ecrimdo/lecture1.html. (15 Nov. 1997). Murray, John P. "Impact of Televised Violence." Kansas Journal of Law & Policy. 4.3 (1995): 7-14 Vivian, John. The Media of Mass Communication. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1997.

Brainwashing & transforming

Brainwashing is the art of transforming a persons mind by putting together different types of attitudes. It is a sought of thought reform. Brainwashing is a sort of social influence on a person to try and change his way of thinking into somebody else’s viewpoint, without the assent of that person. Brainwashing can be achieved by either obliging or persuading the other person, to think in the line of the person who is brainwashing. To brainwash another person total segregation and belief of the subject is absolutely necessary.Brainwashing is usually undertaken in prisons, to change the mindset of the prisoners, and to help them think in a right manner, and to change their behaviour. The person who is brainwashing has to have the person to be brainwashed totally under his control, so much so that all the daily routines of the person are under the control of the person who is brainwashing. The person who is brainwashing influences the other person so much so that, the person†™s mind doesn’t work at all losing his complete identity.The brainwashing person than replaces the person’s mind with a different set of thoughts and behaviours. According to psychologists, brainwashing is possible under certain conditions, but while dealing with hardcore criminals or prisoners, it is necessary that they use physical abuse in order to see that these people are properly brainwashed. And to erase all their previous thoughts and identity, so that their mind will be fresh with a new set of attitudes after the brainwashing session, which helps them to improve their lifestyle, and lead a better life without going back to their criminal mannerisms.According to studies it is known that the effect of brainwashing is short term only, the original identity of the brainwashed person is totally not washed out, but it is hidden and once the present thoughts of the person stop working, the old identity comes out from hiding, and the person behaves in the same manne r as he used to previously. The results of brainwashing mostly are the same on every person irrespective of his culture, history and physical appearance.Some of the commonly used techniques in brainwashing are loneliness, as the people being brainwashed are isolated and not allowed to meet his friends or family members, insisting on agreement to certain demands which include matters such as clothing, food and money etc, the person is subjected to poignant blackmail, pressure, lenience occasionally, total control and criticism of the person being brainwashed to such an extent that the person doubts his own worth, and feels that everything he does is wrong.The person is reduced to such a wreck that he does not believe in himself. Brainwashing or mind control is used in many ways; it is used by many persons in different fields to their advantage. Parents use brainwashing on children, so that they can achieve a certain standing in social, personal and educational endeavours. While teach ers try to brainwash children in the classroom, so that they can have a clearer idea of what is being taught in class.Even hypnotizing a person is a sort of brainwashing or mind control, where in the person is taken to his subconscious state of mind, and made to believe that he is a completely changed person, by drilling into his mind different thoughts and behaviours that need to be replaced. Some people use fear or violence to brainwash a person, but this way of brainwashing is not right, as the brainwashed person cannot be controlled, because he will escape as soon as the brainwashing person leaves him.Some people might practice brainwashing to commit illegal activities like, they might brainwash or hypnotise a woman and try to rape or rob her. And some religious cults might try to brainwash people and force them into converting to a particular religion. Using brainwashing to commit such crimes should not be encouraged, and the effects of brainwashing should be used to change a p erson into a better human being. Brainwashing should be done to have control over a person’s mind, but not to put him out of control or doing such things which are not in his control.The Government authorities also use brainwashing to help them extract the truth from criminals by using shock treatments, lie detectors or narcotic analysis, which have an impact on their brain, by which they can find out if the criminal is telling the truth or not. To confound and weaken a person with the help of electronic equipment or chemicals is not controlling that person. Gaining control over a person who loses control over himself is not always the same.It is clear that the government authorities do not have control over anyone’s mind, and it is also clear that these authorities would do anything to gain control over a person’s mind. When a person physically abuses his wife on a daily basis, the wife who fears of violence does not reciprocate but bears her spouses tantrums a nd abuse, not because he has a control over her mind, but might be because she is totally dependent on her spouse. The wife doesn’t have any other choice, but to stay with her spouse. In other words the husband has reduced her chances in such a way that she cannot leave him.By staying on even after such battering, means that it is the wrong choice of the woman, but not the control her spouse has over her mind. Another method of brainwashing used by various religious missions is using love as a tool to control a person’s mind. These people make the person believe that they are the only people, who love them, and that they have faith in the person, and that the person should have faith in them. They try to convince the person to such a level that the person believes that even his family and friends are hurdles in his way to deliverance and attaining God’s faith.These people make the person so fearful that he believes that if he does not listen to them he might be punished, all this makes the person totally dependent on these people and he becomes obsessed. Guilt is also another strategy used by these people; they make the person feel so guilty that, he begins to believe that he is nothing without god and these people. They fill the person with so much contempt for him that he loses his ego, self esteem and his belief in himself. The person becomes completely reliant of these people that he is at the mercy of these people.Even psychiatrists follow such strategies to have the patient under their control. This strategy would help the psychiatrist in knowing the person even better, and this would help the doctor in curing the patient. When a person is under the spell of such people, these people might take the advantage of the situation and can try to rob the person of his whole property, when he is under their control. They might even make the person commit illegal activities on their behalf, which the person would come to know only after comin g to his senses.Under the control of such people a person can lose his wealth, his body and also his soul. Therefore brainwashing can be used for the good and the bad both. At sometimes it can help a person and other times it would completely ruin a person. Brainwashing is a very complex strategy; it is more of healing a person than a method. For example during the Korean War many US soldiers were brainwashed into communism. Brainwashing is such a technique which can break or make a man, it is a very complicated technique used by psychiatrists, religious missions, teachers, parents and the government authorities.This technique can be used to the full advantage, if it is understood properly and used in the right manner; it will give very good results and help people in solving their problems very effectively. When a person is brainwashed, he goes into a sort of trance and is completely in the control of the person who is brainwashing. The person is in such a situation that, he doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t remember any thing and his mind can be controlled by feeding some other thoughts, that he becomes a totally changed person after the brainwashing session.A person who is trying to brainwash another person, should be very smart and tactful when dealing with such situations, and he should have the power to make the other person believe him, then only he will have total control over the other person’s mind. On the whole brainwashing should be considered as an important and necessary strategy, and it should be employed by all and sundry wherever the necessity arises, but people should not take advantage of this strategy and should not try to use it for committing illegal activities.If used properly and effectively it could help cure so many people who are in depression and undergoing severe stress, it could help to make a convict a better person and help parents and teachers in guiding the children to better and bright futures. Brainwashing should be definitely used if a person can benefit and lose his depression and make him a better person. Works Cited Rober Todd Carroll, Mind Control (Brainwashing), The Skeptic’s Dictionary, 14 November 2007, . Julia Layton, How Brainwashing Works, How Stuff Works, 14 November 2007, . Julia Layton, How Brainwashing Works, Brainwashing Techiques, How Stuff Works, 14 November 2007, . Uzma Mazhar, Brainwashing Tactics in Domestic Violence, 14 November 2007, .

Sociology An American Sociologist C. Wright Mills

1. Sociology is a science which study on relationship between the self and the society and their influences on each other. In order to survive we need each other. We cannot live by our own, so we are not independent individuals in the sociological world. Sociology also helps us to recognize our position in the society by our â€Å"sociological imagination.† An American sociologist C. Wright Mills created the term sociological imagination to know our interdependent relationship between who we are as individual and the influences around us that shape our lives. By imagining how our actions might look to another person, we can have a better understanding on ourselves and our social worlds. Mills argued that the sociological imagination is all about interaction between history and biography. â€Å"History† in this case means our time in which we live and our position in society and our needs. â€Å"Biography† is our own experiences, our actions, our thought, and our choices me make. He believed that our life and the history of society are related to each other and cannot be understood without any of them. The society shapes our actions which means that factors such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, class and level of education shape our priority choices, our view point, and our opportunities. According to Mill, one of the ways to develop our sociological imagination is to know private troubles and public issues. Private problems are problems that we alone face them and it is our own problems.Show MoreRelated Charles Wright Mills Essay examples1549 Words   |  7 PagesC. Wright Mills Charles Wright Mills was a social scientist and a merciless critic of ideology. Mills was born to Charles Grover and Frances Ursula Wright Mills on August 28, 1916, in Waco, Texas. Mills was brought up in a strict Catholic home, but he rebelled against Christianity in his late adolescence. 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